规制与问责:英美警察自由裁量权的多元治理Regulation and Accountability:Multiple Governance of Police Discretion in Britain and the United States
胡建刚;
摘要(Abstract):
对警察的社会学研究主要关注警察行为对公民自由可能存在的潜在威胁,其中最大的发现有两个,一是英美警察执法中大量存在的歧视性境遇,二是警察亚文化成为导致警察执法背离法治的根源。因此警察自由裁量权的政治性监督不仅有必要,而且会增加。警察机关有着自由裁量权的现实需求,但是必须将其控制在"规定的范围"之内,同时只能是法院拥有对"规定的范围"进行最终审查权。21世纪以来,英美开始倡导以民主警务模式来规范警察的自由裁量权。民主警务模式区分了警察"业务责任"和政府"政策责任"两种不同性质的责任,这将保护警察执法自由裁量权的相对独立性,同时鼓励政治当局对警务政策进行控制。
关键词(KeyWords): 警察;自由裁量权;规制;问责
基金项目(Foundation): 江苏省高校哲学社会科学研究重大项目(2017ZDAXM014);; 国家社会科学基金后期资助项目(17FZZ004)
作者(Author): 胡建刚;
Email:
参考文献(References):
- [1] MARENIN O.Police Performance and State Rule:Control and Autonomy in the Exercise of Coercion[J].Comparative Politics 18,1985(1):101-122.
- [2] KINGDOM U.Royal Commission on the Police(1962) Final Report Cmnd[R].London:H.M.S.O.paras 86- 87.
- [3] MARSHALL G.Police and Government[M].London:Methuen,1965:51.
- [4] LUSTGARTEN L.The Governance of the Police[M].London:Sweet & Maxwell,1986.
- [5] ROACH K.The Overview:Four Models of Police-Government Relations[M]//MURRAY T B M,eds.Police Government Relations:Who's Calling the Shots.Toronto:University of Toronto Press,2007.
- [6] BUNYAN T.The Political Police in Britain[M].London:Quartet,1976.
- [7] REINER R.The Blue-Coated Worker[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1978:268-269.
- [8] MONKKONEN E H.Police in Urban America,1860—1920[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981:89.
- [9] SIDNEY L.Harring,Policing a Class Society:The Experience of American Cities,1965—1915[M].New Brunswick:Rutgers university Press,1983.
- [10] HELEN B,HAGAN J.Crime and the Changing Forms of Class Control:Policing Public Order in Toronto the Good 1859—1955[J].Social Forces 66,1987(2):307-35.
- [11] BRODEUR J-P.High Policing and Low Policing:Remarks about the Policing of Political Activities[J].Social Problems,30/5(1983):507-20.
- [12] SILVER A.The Demand for Order in Civil Society:A Review of Some Themes in the History of Urban Crime,Police and Riot[M]//BORDUA D.The Police Six Sociological Essays.New York:Wiley,1966:1-24.
- [13] PORTA D,REITER H.Policing Protest:The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies[M].Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1998
- [14] DAVENPORT C.Understanding Covert Repressive Action:The Case of The U.S.Government Againstthe Republic of New Africa[J].Journal of Conflict Resolution,2005:49(1):120-140.
- [15] CLARK M.The Importance of a New Philosophy to the Post Modern Policing Environment[J].Policing:An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management,2005,28 (4):642 -653.
- [16] LINDEN S.Report of the Ipperwash Inquiry Vol 2.Policy Analysis[R].Toronto:Queens Printer,2007:338.
- [17] DAVIS K.Discretionary Justice:A Preliminary Inquiry[M].Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,1969.
- [18] REINER R.Controlling the Controllers:Police Discretion and Accountability[C].Dartmouth Publishing Company,1996:xiv.
- [19] GOLDSTEIN J.Police Discretion Not to Invoke the Criminal Process:Low-Visibility Decisions in the Administration of Justice[J].Yale Law Journal,1960,69:543-94.
- [20] GOLDSTEIN H.Police Discretion:The Ideal Versus the Real[J].Public Administration Review,1963,23(3):140-148.
- [21] DAVIS K C.Discretionary Justice[J].Journal of Legal Education,1970,1(23):56 - 62.
- [22] BLACK D.The boundaries of legal sociology[J].Yale Law J.,1972:81:1086- 100.
- [23] ABEL R.Redirecting social studies of law[J].Law Soc.Rev.,1980,14:805- 29.
- [24] NELKEN D.The Gap Problem in the Sociology of Law:A Theoretical Review[J].Windsor Yearb.Access Justice1,1981:35- 61.
- [25] JON B.Gould and Scott Barclay.Mind the Gap:The Place of Gap Studies in Sociolegal Scholarship[J].Annu.Rev.Law Soc.Sci.,2012,8:323- 35
- [26] REINER R.Is Police Culture Cultural?[J].Policing,2016,11(3):236- 241.
- [27] SKOLNICK J.Justice Without Trial:Law Enforcement in Democratic Society[M].New York:John Wiley and Sons,Inc,1966.
- [28] WILSON J Q.Varieties of Police Behavior:The Management of Law and Order in Eight Communities[M].Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1968.
- [29] VERHAGE A,PONSAERS P.Impacts of Community-Oriented Policing[M].New York:Springer,2014.
- [30] 储卉娟.社会学如何研究警察——美国警察与社会研究述评[J].社会学研究,2019(1):210-246.
- [31] PILIAVIN I,BRIAR S.Police Encounters with Juveniles[J].American Journal of Sociology,1964,70:206-214.
- [32] CRAY E.The Enemy in the Streets[M].New York:Anchor,1972.
- [33] ARTHUR L.Stinchcombe,Institutions of Privacy in the Determination of Police Administrative Practice[J].American Journal of Sociology,1963,69:150-60.
- [34] 胡建刚.英国警察盘查制度研究[J].吉首大学学报(社会科学版),2012(3):112-117。
- [35] NORRIS C,FIELDING N,KEMP C,et al.Black and Blue:An Analysis of the Influence of Race on Being Stopped by the Police[J].British Journal of Sociology,1992,43(2):207 - 224.
- [36] MICHAEL ROWE.Race and policing[C]//BROWN J.The Future of Policing.London:Routledge,2014:120-133.
- [37] DAVIS K.Discretionary Justice:A Preliminary Inquiry[M].Greenwood Press,1969:4.
- [38] REINER.Controlling the Controllers:Police Discretion and Accountability[C].Dartmouth Publishing Company,1996:xiv.
- [39] 李明.论警察的刑事自由裁量权[J].政治与法律,2009(8):147-155.
- [40] MUIR W K.Police:Streetcorner Politicians[M].Chicago:Chicago University Press,1977:3
- [41] WADDINGTON P A J.Revisiting the Classics:Police:Streetcorner Politicians:William K.Muir[J].Policing and Society,2015,25(6):681-686.
- [42] 储卉娟.论警察的自由裁量权:英美警务社会学研究及其启示[J].学海,2018(5):121-127.
- [43] 柯特威尔.法律社会学导论[M].潘大松,等译.北京:华夏出版社,1989:18-19.
- [44] BROGDEN M,JETTERSON T,WALKLATE S.Introducing Police Work[M].London:Unwin Hyman,1988:164.
- [45] JOSEPH GOLDSTEIN.Police Discretion Not to Invoke the Criminal Process;Low-Visibility Decisions in the Administration of Justice[J].Yale Law Journal,1960,69:543-94
- [46] KENT ROACH.Balancing Police Independence and Political Responsibility for the Police:Some Recent Developments in Australia,Canada,and the UK[M]//Policing.Oxford University Press,2018:1-17.
- [47] 李震山.论行政管束与人身自山之保障——兼论警察盘查权[M]//李震山.人性尊严与人权保障.台北:元照出版社,2001:261-265.
- [48] 张彩凤,辛素.警察自由裁量权:在现代社会的可能意义[J].中国人民公安大学学报(社会科学版),2008(5):94-99.
- [49] 余凌云.对不确定的法律概念予以确定化之途径——以警察盘查权的启动条件为例[J].法商研究,2009(2):60-66.
- [50] GOLDESTEIN J.Police Discretion Not to Invoke the Criminal Process:Low-Visibility Decision in the Administration of Justice[J].Yale Law Journal,1960,69(4):543-594.
- [51] DAVIS K C.An Approach to Legal Control of the Police[J].Texas Law Review,1974,52:703-725.
- [52] 理查德·B·斯图尔特.美国行政法的重构[M].沈岿,译.北京:商务印书馆,2002:46-47.
- [53] DAVIS K C.An Approach to Legal Control of the Police[J].Texas Law Review,1974,52:703-725.